What is democracy - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 8 Words: 2501 Downloads: 6 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Politics Essay Type Analytical essay Did you like this example? To what extent is the UK an example of a democratic state? Introduction Democracy usually refers to a political system that advocates the kratos (ÃŽÂ ºÃƒ ?ÃŽÂ ¬Ãƒ Ã¢â‚¬Å¾ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ¿Ãƒ Ã¢â‚¬Å¡, meaning the rule) of the demos (ÃŽÂ ´Ãƒ ¡Ã‚ ¿Ã¢â‚¬  ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ¼ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ¿Ãƒ Ã¢â‚¬Å¡) à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" meaning, the collectivity of the people in Greek (Castoriadis 2007, p.122). The demos, that also stands for the political body of the active people who mutually contract with each other, is bound to the decisions of the majority (Hobbes 1994, p.119; 1998, p.94 p.117; 2006, p.103). However, democracy has seen a variety of different definitions and interpretations. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "What is democracy?" essay for you Create order For the ancients, democracy was almost synonymous with direct participation in the decision making, rejecting tout court any form of expertism and delegation of powers to third parties (Castoriadis 1997). Modern democracies, however, function based on the principle of representation in parliaments and councils, whose operation abide to legislations of national Constitutions (Zakaria 1997, p.41; Leach Coxall 2011, p.4) and jurisdictions that allow a body politic to exercise active surveillance over its representatives, discarding them if they betray their trust, or revoking the powers which they might have abused (Constant 1998, p.326). ÃŽÂ ¤his essay aims to explore these two diametrically opposite definitions, in order to provide a clear understanding regarding democracy and democratic politics. In addition, by examining up to what extent a state like the United Kingdom may be classified as   democratic (taking into account the two different interpretations of democracy), it will expose the theoretical deficiencies of the modern conception. It will finally stress that democracy should be better understood as a system of open public consultation and participation (according to the ancient model), acknowledging the modern Swiss paradigm of direct democracy through referendums and public initiatives as a vital alternative. The democracy of the ancients compared to that of the moderns Benjamin Constant in his speech at the Athenee Royal addresses two types of liberty, one in the Greek and Roman antiquity and the other after the consolidation of the French Revolution. In this speech Constant (1998) champions modern democracy as a system that respects individual rights and personal freedoms, which, in his view, appear absent from both the ancient Athenian and the Roman model. Respect to individual rights is a fundamental principle of a modern democratic state. But at the same time, such a state bases its institutioning upon a complex of liberal-republican values that were born during the French Revolution, such as the state of justice, the rule of law, the right of the masses to elect freely their own leaders and representatives, freedom of speech, free trade and private property; ideals considered among the highest, able to ensure social peace, stability and prosperity for every human society, ideals that have remained with us ever since (Graeber 2012). Anothe r important feature of modern democracies, however, is the principle of (majoritarian) consent, exercised through the process of electing a government. According to the modern democratic theory, elections give sovereignty or ultimate power to the citizens. It is through elections that the citizen participates in the political process and ultimately determines the personnel and policies of governments. Only a government which is elected by the people is a legitimate government (Denver Carman 2012, p.5). The elected governors and statesmen are also accountable to the people, and their power is limited to their demands according to John Locke (Laslett 2008, p.109). In case this public consent is neglected, the government should be immediately dissolved. Thus, it is for the people only to decide whether or when their government trustees have acted contrary to their trust, or their legislative has been changed, and for the people as a whole to act as umpire in any dispute between the go vernors and a part of their body (Laslett 2008, p.109). Democracy, therefore, is to protect people from arbitrary powers, since as Locke (2008, p.281) stated, force without Right, upon Mans Person, makes a State of War. Individual rights, consent and protection from arbitrary powers in modern democracies are safeguarded by national constitutions, which are designed to prevent the accumulation of power and the abuse of office. This is done not by simply writing up a list of rights, but by constructing a system in which government will not violate those rights (Zakaria 1997, p.41). In other words, the people who in order to enjoy the liberty which suits them resort to the representative system, must exercise an active and constant surveillance over their representatives, [à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦] the right to discard them if they betray their trust, and to revoke the powers which they might have abused (Constant 1998, p.326). Constitutionalism also seeks to protect an individuals autonomy and dignity against coercion, whatever the source à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" state, church or society (Zakaria 1997, p.25-26). The concept of democracy, however, according to the standards of the pre-modern, or even the ancient, world, differs significantly in many aspects. In ancient Greece à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" where one initially identifies the first emergence of democracy according to Castoriadis (1997, p.87) à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" the idea of representation was unknown, and the idea of elections was considered an aristocratic principle, whereas among the moderns it is at the basis of their political systems (Castoriadis 1997, p.89-90). As Rousseau (2014, p.114) stressed, the idea of representatives is modern: it comes to us from feudal Government that iniquitous and absurd Government in which the human species is degraded, and the name of man dishonored. Further, for the ancients, politics was synonymous with the public sphere, characterized by openness and voluntary participation in the c ommon world of public life, in the making of decisions that determine the function and course of a community (Arendt 1961, p.149). According to the Athenian experience freedom itself needed a place where people could come together à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" the agora, the market-place, or the polis, the political space proper (Arendt 1990, p.31). The polis, for both Castoriadis and Arendt was also the self-governed body of active citizens who through open discussions could take upon themselves the creation of institutions that regulate their own active participation in the running of society (Straume 2012, p.3). Summarizing: there is, on one hand, the modern approach on democracy that is based on the principle of consent and representation (id est the acting and deciding on behalf of the demos), focusing at the same time on the institutions that regulate governments from abuse of office, protecting minorities and civil freedoms. On the other, the definition provided by Castoriadis and Ar endt who have thoroughly elucidated on the Greek and Roman antiquity, focuses on direct participation (rather than elections), on common appearance and, above all, on the ability of questioning laws, norms and institutions (Castoriadis 1997, p.87). Which among the two definitions, however, could be considered as more accurate, is about to be discussed in the next section, which also aims to examine whether a modern state, such as the United Kingdom, can be classified as democratic. This process will reveal major deficiencies in the modern understanding of democracy. Which democracy? The UK as a case study Britain, along with most states in the modern world, and many others elsewhere, claims to be a democracy (Leach Coxall 2011, p.4). At prima facie one could argue that this statement is valid up to an extent. In fact, a brief study on the political institutions of modern Britain shows that all the perquisites that must be met in order for a state to be classified as democratic are perfectly followed by the British political establishment. There is equality before the law, respect for individual rights and restrictions of the powers of the royal families, free elections and freedom of speech, which are also guaranteed by British legal documents, court judgments, treaties and constitutional conventions (Kavanagh 2000; Norton 2013; Wright 2013). However, do elected politicians make the real decisions that affect the British people? ask Leach and Coxall (2011, p.5-6). In other words, does the majoritarian consent and the voice of the demos predominate or is it exercised only formally? More real power and influence may be exercised by individuals who are not part of the formal political process at all say Leach and Coxall (2011, p.5-6). Such individuals are businessmen à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ bankers, or owners of newspapers, television companies and other media, some of whom may not even be British (Leach Coxall 2011, p.5-6). As also Roy Greenslade (2011) has argued, newspapers, despite their steady decline during the past few years, still have the capacity to influence the political process. Thus, on one hand the mass media (owned by powerful entrepreneurs) obstruct independent public commentary by shaping certain opinions (Leach Coxall 2011, p.5) while on the other the civil service, the City of London, or multi-national corporations exercise far more effective power and influence in the British political process than any single personality claim Leach and Coxall (2011, p.6). At this point it would be important to acknowledge the following well known quote by R ousseau: the English people think it is free; it is greatly mistaken, it is free only during the election of Members of Parliament; as soon as they are elected, it is enslaved, it is nothing (Rousseau2014, p.114). This quote comes from his book The Social Contract (1762) where he exposes the impossibility of the representative system, claiming that only through an ancient model of democracy, popular sovereignty à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" and, therefore, freedom à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" could be achieved. Hence, since the English representative system cannot safeguard popular sovereignty it cannot also sustain freedom, except from the day of the elections, where the public can exercise its vote. After the end of this process the English citizen becomes again a subject to the decisions taken by their representatives. Further, since public consciousness in Britain is shaped by powerful media (whose role, as stated above, is contradictory), and most of the decisions of elected politicians is not as i nfluential as those coming from non-accountable institutions according to Leach and Coxall (2015), then it could arguably be said that the British people are not free even during parliamentary elections, since legislations and laws are influenced by non-political individuals. Consequently, only formally Britain might be considered as a democratic state. It would be more accurate to classify it as a liberal constitutional regime, since freedom of speech and respect for individual rights alone do not entail democracy. But Britain is not an isolated example of a representative democracy that appears to be insufficient in implementing the will of the people and safeguarding the consent of the majority. Castoriadis who has thoroughly observed the modern occidental world, came to the following conclusion: no western society, including Britain, should be called democratic. Instead they are liberal oligarchies (Castoriadis 2007, p.122). In his words, modern western societies are oligarch ies since they are dominated by a specific stratum of people [and] liberal because that stratum consents a number of negative or defensive liberties to citizens (Castoriadis 2007, p.126). Since, however, direct democracy, as Castoriadis and Arendt visualized it (according to the ancient model) could not be easily implemented under the current circumstances, a study on the Swiss paradigm would inspire alternative ideas. The political system of Switzerland allows its citizens to broadly participate in the decision making (Kriesi Trechsel 2008; Huber 1968). This is happening through referendums and open assemblies in many cantons (creating, thus, a public sphere). More precisely, over 30 referendums held every year by popular initiative, thus limiting the power of the parliament whilst parties and governments have often been forced to abandon their policies under the pressure of the popular vote (Kriesi Trechsel 2008, p.34; Huber 1968, p.24-25). Through such procedures power partl y remains in the hands of the citizens (as it is seen in the ancient types of democratic participation), and this power cannot be bypassed by representatives or by non-political institutions which may hijack the role of the elected representatives. The Swiss paradigm, therefore, being closer to the ancient model of democracy seems preferable in order to safeguard the majoritarian consent. It appears closer to the initial definition of democracy that is the power of the people. Conclusion This essay has highlighted the significant differences between the modern and ancient definitions of democracy. By examining the United Kingdom and the way political representation becomes easily taken over by strong powerful centers that invade the domain of politics, influencing important decisions and legislations, one understands the fragility of the modern model. Nonetheless, it could not be argued that Britain is an isolated case. In other words, the UK should not be understood as a unique example of ineffective representation. Although individual rights, freedom of speech and protection from abuse of power are important perquisites for a democratic state, the same state, in order to be classified as truly democratic has to fulfill also an area of other demands, such as effective participation and public consent, which appears marginalized not only in the UK but almost everywhere in the occidental world, with Switzerland being a notable example. The theoretical observations c onducted above, relying both the work of Castoriadis as well as on the Swiss paradigm, not only confirm this reasoning, but at the same time provide vital alternatives of how open participation (close to the ancient model) can safeguard the majoritarian consent, preventing officials and political personnel to bypass the will of the citizens. Bibliography Arendt, H., 1961. Between past and future: six exercises in political thought. London: Faber and Faber. Arendt, H., 1990. On Revolution. 6Th ed. London: Penguin Books. Castoriadis, C., Curtis, D. A. 1997. World in fragments: Writings on politics, society, psychoanalysis, and the imagination. Stanford, California: Stanford University Press. Castoriadis, C., 2007. Figures of the Thinkable. Stranford: Stranford University Press. Constant, B., 1988. Political Writings. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Denver, D., Carman, C., 2012. Elections and Voters in Britain. 3Rd Ed. Hampshire: Palgrave Macmillan. Garnett, M., Lynch, P., 2014. Exploring British Politics. London: Routledge. Graeber, D., 2012. The movement as an end-in-itself? Platipus in New York, [online] 31st of January 2012, Available at: https://platypus1917.org/2012/01/31/interview-with-david-graeber/ [Accessed 17 September 2015]. Greenslade, R., 2011. How newspapers, despite decline, still infl uence the political process. The Guardian, [online] 21st of June 2011, Available at: https://www.theguardian.com/media/greenslade/2011/jun/21/national-newspapers-newspapers [Accessed 18 September 2015]. Hobbes, T., Gaskin, J., C., A., 1994. The elements of law, natural and politic: Part I, Human nature, part II, De corpore politico; with Three lives. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Hobbes, T., Tuck, R., Silverthorne, M. 1998. On the citizen. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Hobbes, Th., 2006. Leviathan. New York: Dover Philosophical Classics. Huber, H., 1968. How Switzerland is Governed. Switzerland: Schweizer Spiegel Vergal. Kavanagh, D., 2000. British Politics: Continuities and Change. 4Th ed. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Kriesi, H., Trechsel, Α., 2008. The Politics of Switzerland. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Leach, R., Coxall, B., Robins, L., 2011. British Politics. 2Nd ed. Hampshire: Palgrave Macmillan. Locke, J., and L aslett, P., 1988. Two Treatises of Government. Student ed. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Norton, P., 2013. Parliament in British Politics. 2Nd ed. London: Palgrave Macmillan. Rousseau, J., J., Gourevitch, V., 2014. Rousseau: The Social Contract and other later Political Writings. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Straume, S. I., 2012. A common world? Arendt, Castoriadis and political creation. [e-journal] 16(2). Available through: European Journal of Social Theory Sage Articles https://est.sagepub.com/content/early/2012/03/26/1368431012440870 [Accessed 17 September 2015]. Wright, T., 2013. British Politics: a very short Introduction. 2Nd ed. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Zakaria, F., 1997. The Rise of Illiberal Democracy. US: Foreign Affairs.

“the Setting of the House on Mango Street” - 974 Words

Manny Salazar Jennifer Wiley WRT 101 M-W 10:40-11:55 November 26, 2012 â€Å"The Setting of the House on Mango Street† The short story, â€Å"The House on Mango Street,† is a story that is centered within a particular neighborhood, which is evidently inhabited by middle-to-lower class folks. Although the introduction of the story does not state a specific location, it is safe to say that it is not the typical neighborhood where you would find rich white folks living. For example, the house where the protagonists live is described as almost collapsing due to brick damage; something that would not be an issue within a richer neighborhood. Evidently, the setting is one of the most important elements that constructs the first chapter. The House on†¦show more content†¦The text also explains how their mom would share stories with them describing how their dream home would look like. That most likely gave them hope and made them fantasize about someday living in a better home. However, the story portrays how the narrator became more realistic and pessimistic about their situation. In the la st paragraph of the story, the narrator’s parents state that their current life style is only temporary, but the narrator insists that nothing will change any time soon. Being the oldest of all the children, she has matured and become more aware that overcoming financial barriers are considerably long processes, and that their situation will not change from one day to the next. The purpose of â€Å"The House on Mango Street† is to create a mental picture within the reader’s head. Throughout reading it, we get a sense of what the family has gone through, and what the severity of their struggles really are. The setting helps us see that their life styles have improved gradually, but they are still not where they want to be on the economic ladder. Even though their situation seems to improve, the narrator makes it clear that they are nowhere close to what she envisions her life in her dreams. The narrator’s pessimistic point of view opens the audience’s mind, and helps us see their situation more realistically. However, somewhere deeply, the narrator still holds on hope that someday they will be

Coming to America Free Essays

Coming to America Narrative Essay College Writing I My name is Angela S. Baez, and you can call me Angela. I am from the Dominican Republic. We will write a custom essay sample on Coming to America or any similar topic only for you Order Now In this essay I would like to tell you a story about my experience in coming to the USA. I was very happy when I found out my daughter and I received full residency status from the USA. We would be moving to New York City Sometimes, I felt nervous, because it was my first time to go to another country, which used a different language than my country. I also had to leave my family for a long time. However, I tried to keep strong and calm. I knew it was a good choice to move to the U. S. We departed from my hometown (Montecristi) to Santo Domingo on April 12, 1993 at 7:00 a. m. I went by and got there four hours later. In the airport, we went to the American Airlines counter and checked in for my daughter and me. We went through security. It was really empty because it was very early. After that we went to our gate. We walked around the airport and took a seat to wait for a while. I took my daughter to a cafeteria to eat some food and a soda. We were very early so we had time to walk. Two hours later, we went back to the gate to board the plane. I am sure that my daughter had no idea what was going on, and luckily she was a very quiet child, so I was not nervous. On the plane, I found our seats and sat down and buckled our seat belts. I had never been on a plane before. When I realized that in a few moment we were going to be on the air, I was nervous. But I had to look calm, for my daughter, and for everyone else. The pilot introduced himself and said that the flight from Santo Domingo to New York was going to take 4 hours. The flight attendants stood at the front of the isles and demonstrated the safety precautions as the plane began to get speed. I began to pray, because that’s what I do when I get nervous. When the plane took off, I was relieved, that nothing bad happened. Soon after that my daughter fell asleep. She was tired and cranky from being awake since so early in the morning. I could not fall asleep because I was still very nervous. Those had been the longest 4 hours of my life. When the plane finally landed in New York, I remember everyone cheering and clapping. We had made it to America. I looked through the window and saw a place completely different than what I had ever known. I immediately started to feel the chilly weather of New York. I had never experienced cold temperature, but I came prepared with a light jacket and sweater for my daughter and me. When we got off of the plane, it was a brand new experience for me. I was now in a country that I had never been to before, and where I did not know the language spoken. I was nervous that I would not be able to communicate with anyone. After going through customs, I found my husband. He hugged us cheerfully because he had not seen us in two years, since our daughter was born. He had moved to the United States in the 80’s in search for a better future, for better opportunities for his family. After he hugged us, he took us outside the airport to the car. It was really cold. The airport was about half an hour away from what was going to be our new home in the Bronx. I looked at the city through the window and did not like what I saw. The city. It looked brown and ugly, and the trees had no leaves yet. That April was especially cold for me. Moving to the United States was a difficult experience for me. At first I felt like I had no family. I only had my daughter and my husband. But things have changed for the better, and if I were not living here, I would not think that my family has a bright future waiting for it. How to cite Coming to America, Essay examples

Pre-lab Identifying Carbohydrates free essay sample

There were many ranges of color changes in the Benedicts test and Iodine stain. For the Benedicts test, this oxidation/reduction response changes the arrangement of the reducing sugar creating a colored precipitate. The change in color is correlated to the first concentration of the reducing sugar. For the iodine test, the three dimensional structure of various polysaccharides permits them to react with the iodine stain to produce a certain color. As far as the molecular level, there is an OIL – RIG method. Oxidation occurs when a substance gains oxygen or loses electrons or hydrogen (OIL – oxidation is loss) and reduction occurs when a substance loses oxygen or gains electrons or hydrogen (RIG – reduction is gain). Also, the distilled water (test tube one) served as a control for the experiment. Since polysaccharides are complex, the 3- dimensional sugars are often known as â€Å"complex carbs†. These molecules are composed of many elements of glucose linked together by the dehydration synthesis. There were methods of determining whether a substance contained reducing sugars or polysaccharides. For the Benedicts test, the color changes of bluish green/greenish blue (trace amount +; honey solution, cornstarch solution, sweet ‘N’ low, sweet potato and egg yolk), green (++), yellow (+++) and orange red/rust (large amount +++: glucose/dextrose and equal) appeared, the concentration of reducing sugar indicated a positive test. Although, when the appearance did not change and remained the color of the Benedicts’ reagent of blue, indicated no reducing sugars, or a negative (-) test (water, table sugar solution, gelatin, egg white solution, and unknown (A3) solution). As for the Iodine stain, the color changes of bluish black (indicated plant starch; cornstarch solution and unknown A3), dark reddish brown (indicated glycogen), and violet brown to reddish brown (indicated cellulose; potato solution and sweet potato) presented positive test results for the different types of polysaccharides present. Although, the color of yellow/amber (water, glucose/dextrose, table sugar solution, honey solution, cornstarch solution, sweet ‘N’ low, equal, gelatin, egg white solution, and egg yolk) specified no polysaccharides present. The hypothesis made for the outcome of the problem was neutrally correct. The assumption taken was that all form of sugars would have a present amount of reduced sugars while non-sugars did not for the Benedicts test. Such as, table sugar solution and gelatin did not have reduced sugars which has no form of glucose or fructose because it is processed sugars. For the iodine test, most of the educated guesses were wrong. The results turned out to have majority tests as negative or absent presence or polysaccharides. Analysis: Lab 2 Identifying Proteins and Lipids The Biuret solution is a blue liquid that changes to purple when proteins are present. Proteins are complex, specialized molecules composed of carbon, oxygen, hydrogen and nitrogen. The different amino acids are similar in structure which are at the center of the molecule that is alpha carbon connected to an amino group, a carboxyl group, and a hydrogen atom with the R group. Water tested pale blue, or negative, due to being the control of the experiment; as well as the unknown A3, buttermilk (all lipids), table sugar (processed sugar) and honey (all sugars). The following had a color change of pale violet-medium violet of low-medium concentration of protein: gelatin, chicken stock, whole milk, beef stock, egg white, skim milk, 2% milk, and soy milk. The strongest presence of protein appeared in egg yolk which is made up of 45% protein. The Sudan red is a fat-soluble dye that stains lipids red. Using Sudan red can show the amount and the location of lipids in each tested solution. Lipids consist of glycerol and fatty acids â€Å"tails†. The fatty acid â€Å"tails† are long chains of carbon and hydrogen that contribute to the non-polar behavior of fats, meaning, they don’t mix adequately with (polar) water. The fatty acid chains can be carbon saturated with hydrogen atoms forming a straight chain without double bonds. Therefore, this is where all solutions are extracted in ethyl alcohol or as the control in the experiment. The following tested for low concentration (pale color) of lipids: wheat flour, white flour, soy flour, egg yolk and the unknown A3. This is because these certain breads with flour have a high content of protein which lowers the content of carbohydrates, therefore has a low lipid value. Soy flour and egg yolk, especially, have the highest protein. Solutions such as cream, honey, margarine, salad oil, skim milk, coconut milk, 2% milk, whole milk, soy milk and butter varied from medium to high (strong) amounts of lipids present. Ethyl alcohol and egg white had none present. The hypothesis made for the outcome of the problem was mostly correct. The assumption taken was that whole milk would have a strong volume of protein. Instead, there was a low concentration that was resulted for the Biurets test. For the Sudan III test, the hypothesis was all guessed correctly due to the common sense of variations of how protein holds for each solution. It is more like a general way of finding because most of these substances can be eaten daily and at least seen on nutritional facts which came to understanding of the hypothesis. Analysis: Lab 3 Identifying Unknown As a result of using the unknown (labeled A3) solution in all of the conducted experiments, it has come to specifically determining the identity of the unknown substance out of the list that was given, which is predicted to be table sugar solution. This was predicted by comparing the fact that in the Benedicts test it had resulted that it was negative for reduced sugars. For the iodine test, it was resulted positive with a color change of bluish black that indicates it is a plant starch (amylose) type of polysaccharide; consisting of 74.0% carbohydrates. For the Biuret test, it resulted negative for proteins, which table sugar has 0%. Lastly, the sudan III test resulted a low concentration of lipids which technically, table sugar does not contain. This part of the test became a bit skeptical to figure out exactly what the unknown solution is. Yet after much configuration, it seemed to be that sugar can turn into lipids at some process.

Through the poems Essay Example For Students

Through the poems Essay Describe the conditions on the battlefield in of World War One as conveyed through the poems Dulce et Decorum est, Anthem for Doomed Youth both by Wilfred Owen and from: Counter-Attack by Siegried Sassoon. In this essay I will look at three poems Dulce et Decorum est by Wilfred Owen, Anthem for Doomed Youth also by Wilfred Owen and from: Counter-Attack by Siegfried Sassoon. In the above poems I will try to find different conditions that soldiers in the First World War had to suffer through on the battlefield as they fought for their beloved country. The first condition I will look at is death in Dulce et Decorum est the words used to depict death are guttering, choking, drowning The effect of this is the contrast between the battlefield and water the soldiers are not near any water, but are drowning. However the effect of a gas attack would cause the soldiers to drown internally on their own blood so this is why these hard sounding words have been used. The words are very effective conveying the conditions on the battlefield as they show the true grim and horrific results of a gas attack. We will write a custom essay on Through the poems specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now Death is featured further down the poem in the fourth stanza His hanging face, like a devils sick of sin; The method used here s irony; in the quote the devil is sick of sin. However the devil is supposed to cause sin. This quote is of great importance as it implies the frightful conditions soldiers are enduring as they fight and then die on the battlefield. In Anthem for Doomed Youth death is written in a different light it is showing the soldiers families mourning for their deaths. The first line in the poem What passing-bells for these who die as cattle? is using a simile to convey the conditions on the battlefield. The men are referred to as cattle being rounded up ready to fight and then be brutally killed with no concern given to any individual man. Having soldiers compared to cattle is a very good choice of language as cattle obey every command they are given, as the soldiers would have done without a second thought as they were sent to fight. from: Counter-attack has death shown in its true horror The place was rotten with dead, Imagery is used here to give the image of masses of men slowly decomposing in the trenches and on the battlefield. The lines sound like they should say the place was rotting with dead but The place was rotten with dead gives the effect that the soldiers must have been lying in the trenches for some time to have rotten. Nevertheless the length of the war and terrible conditions like disease and vermin would have made the soldiers rot quicker. Disease is found in Dulce et Decorum est again with results of a gas attack If you could hear, at every jolt, the blood Come gargling from the froth-corrupted lungs, The choice of words used here gives the effect from the froth- corrupted lungs corrupted means polluted and infected these words are very strong and give the impression that this soldier will die without having any available cure. The poet has chosen to portray the truth, as it really was none of the poem has any romanticised features to it. Obscene as cancer, bitter as the cud follows on from the previous quote. The simile of Obscene as cancer shows again the true destructive effects of the gas attack as cancer is one of the worst diseases in the world and to have used it as a likeness to a gas attack shows the horrific conditions of the First World War. Adding to this simile is another bitter as the cud this simile is compared to how a cow would regurgitate food. Comparing the soldiers to a cow shows the close resembl ance between the gas effects and a farmyard animal. .ua4bb2c463f7625c7ca4840dd97a946d4 , .ua4bb2c463f7625c7ca4840dd97a946d4 .postImageUrl , .ua4bb2c463f7625c7ca4840dd97a946d4 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .ua4bb2c463f7625c7ca4840dd97a946d4 , .ua4bb2c463f7625c7ca4840dd97a946d4:hover , .ua4bb2c463f7625c7ca4840dd97a946d4:visited , .ua4bb2c463f7625c7ca4840dd97a946d4:active { border:0!important; } .ua4bb2c463f7625c7ca4840dd97a946d4 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .ua4bb2c463f7625c7ca4840dd97a946d4 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .ua4bb2c463f7625c7ca4840dd97a946d4:active , .ua4bb2c463f7625c7ca4840dd97a946d4:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .ua4bb2c463f7625c7ca4840dd97a946d4 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .ua4bb2c463f7625c7ca4840dd97a946d4 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .ua4bb2c463f7625c7ca4840dd97a946d4 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .ua4bb2c463f7625c7ca4840dd97a946d4 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .ua4bb2c463f7625c7ca4840dd97a946d4:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .ua4bb2c463f7625c7ca4840dd97a946d4 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .ua4bb2c463f7625c7ca4840dd97a946d4 .ua4bb2c463f7625c7ca4840dd97a946d4-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .ua4bb2c463f7625c7ca4840dd97a946d4:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: A mysterious character EssayThe condition mud is used in from: Counter-Attack face downward in the sucking mud Sucking mud sounds as if the mud is alive and is absorbing the soldiers into their graves. The effect of this is that there is no care for life on the battlefield and that when you die you are immediately forgotten as the mud sucks you down. The words have been chosen for this reason. Wallowed and Bulged are also words referring to mud Bulged means you swell up with water or in this case with mud, this gives another ghastly view of the battlefield conditions. Clotted heads slept in the plastering slime clotted heads show how close the dead soldiers are together us ing slept in the sentence could mean that some of the bodies are still alive and that the odd few are still twitching as you would in your sleep. Plastering slime is the hardening mud surrounding the soldiers I think plastering is a very good choice of wording because it gives the image of the stiffening mud but also adding slime contradicts it as slime is runny and wet so the overview of this image is an uneven sea of dead soldiers. Fatigue is featured in two of the poems in Dulce et Decorum est The enjambment in the first stanza is used to slow down the pace in which you read the poem. This method has been used to give the feel of tiredness that the soldiers on the battlefield are suffering. A word used to convey fatigue is trudge with this word you associate a very slow, dragging movement that has no thought to it. Men marched asleep this metaphor follows on from the use of trudge with the soldiers movements being sluggish and the soldiers having no awareness of where they are going. Drunk with fatigue; this metaphor is used to convey the sheer tiredness of soldiers it is used very well as when you are drunk you are falling about and you find it hard to stand up, speak and remember where you are. All the above quotes are showing how the soldiers are absolutely exhausted but have the stamina to carry on. In from; Counter-attack the soldiers are Pallid, unshaved and thirsty, blind with smoke The soldiers would be pale from not having sleep for days on end. They would not have been able to shave and the smoke from shells and gas would make your eyes weary and opaque. This shows how alert the soldiers must be at all times on the battlefield. In Dulce et Decorum est noise is represented in the form of shells. Of tired, outstripped Five-Nines that dropped behind. By saying that the shells are tired it shows the wearisome length of the First World War. The choice of wording for how the shells landed also shows exhaustion in the First World War. The word dropped has no direction or destination as you would think a shell would have. This is because of the wearisome length of the war and how everyone and everything is exhausted. In Anthem for Doomed Youth noise is coming from the gunfire and shells. Only the stuttering rifles rapid rattle Two methods are used to depict this condition. Onomatopoeia where the words used rapid rattle are the sound that the guns make giving a very quick reading of the words. This contrasts to the tiredness of the shells. The second being alliteration which adds to the effect of the sound by having both words starting with the same letter so the sentence it said quicker reflecting the sounds that a machine gun would make. These methods have been used to give the reader a more pragmatic view of the harsh sounds of how these weapons lead to some soldiers being killed, as they could not handle the continuous noise. The shrill, demented choirs of wailing shells this description of the shells is showing them as being high pitched and uncontrolled. Referring to the shells as demented choirs Wilfred Owen has used personification. A choir is usually in harmony and is pitched just right. But if it werent then you would get a horrible piercing sound, which is the sound that the shells are making. .u514833fd3a0333b7b65956311990aa98 , .u514833fd3a0333b7b65956311990aa98 .postImageUrl , .u514833fd3a0333b7b65956311990aa98 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u514833fd3a0333b7b65956311990aa98 , .u514833fd3a0333b7b65956311990aa98:hover , .u514833fd3a0333b7b65956311990aa98:visited , .u514833fd3a0333b7b65956311990aa98:active { border:0!important; } .u514833fd3a0333b7b65956311990aa98 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u514833fd3a0333b7b65956311990aa98 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u514833fd3a0333b7b65956311990aa98:active , .u514833fd3a0333b7b65956311990aa98:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u514833fd3a0333b7b65956311990aa98 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u514833fd3a0333b7b65956311990aa98 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u514833fd3a0333b7b65956311990aa98 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u514833fd3a0333b7b65956311990aa98 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u514833fd3a0333b7b65956311990aa98:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u514833fd3a0333b7b65956311990aa98 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u514833fd3a0333b7b65956311990aa98 .u514833fd3a0333b7b65956311990aa98-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u514833fd3a0333b7b65956311990aa98:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Robert Gray Poetry Analysis EssayIn conclusion I think in the three poems I have looked at Dulce et Decorum est, Anthem for Doomed Youth and from; Counter-attack did convey the conditions of the First World War well. I found it interesting the way the poems took different views to the war like Anthem for Doomed Youth did not just focus on the war but the effects it had on the people left at home. Compared to the other two that just showed the harsh reality of the conditions on the battlefield and First World War, and how no one at home in Britain new the truth of what their men suffered through.

La Relacion

La Relacion La Relacion draft Dear Wife, We finally arrived here in the New World. Let me start off with telling you that I made it here in one piece. Even though I'm OK now our trip over was a very treacherous one. We ran into horrible weather, the waves we huge, taller then 25ft I would say at some points. With all the rough conditions we lost two men, Jakob Stevenson III and Roger Klark IV. The rest of us survived but we aren't in the best condition. When we started to explore this new land we found out that we weren't the only people living here. There were a darker skinned colored people living here already. This was astonishing to all of us. There were 100s more of them then us so as you can imagine we were very scared at first. But they weren't a mean people at all.Dear Wife

Apush Constitution Essay Example for Free

Apush Constitution Essay The Federalists, on the other hand, maintained as broad constructionists who argue that government should do whatever that is not forbidden on the Constitution. However, throughout the course of 1801 to 1817, both parties failed to stay consistent with their original principles and adopted whichever interpretation of the Constitution that serves them best. Politically, the War of 1812, also known as â€Å"Mr. Madison’s war† with Britain, stirred the most controversy in Federalist and Republicans. Madison supported the war because of the seemingly auspicious terms he can get out of the war. War of 1812 promised several things: more land for settlement, completely elimination of Britain’s presences in America and Canada, and most importantly, it promised to restore unity in U. S. Federalists, now acting as strict constructions, demands word by word justification of declaring war on Britain. For example, Daniel Webster argued that â€Å"†¦Where is it written in the Constitution, in what article or section is it contained, that you may take children from their parents, and parents from their children, and compel them to fight the battles of any war in which the folly or the wickedness of the government may engage it?†¦ † Many Federalists felt declaring war with the country of their origin is unfaithful to the Canon Laws which they obey in churches. Furthermore, they view France as America’s real enemy since it seized more cargo from American merchants than Britain. Economically, both Jefferson and Madison shift their constructionist policies and contradict with their former ideologies about the interpretation of Constitution. For example, prior to Jefferson’s presidency, he firmly addressed his belief that the power of government comes from what is given from the Constitution in lines â€Å"I believe [we] shall obtain†¦a majority in the legislature of the United States, attached to the preservation of the federal Constitution, according o its obvious principles and those rights unquestionably remaining with them;† (Doc A). However, he contradicted his belief in strict constructionism with Louisiana Purchase, since Constitution didn’t grant him the power to make such purchases. Many Federalists now shifted their stances to strict constructionist who demands justification of whether such expenditure is constitutional or not. Jefferson, acting as loose constructionist now, supports the purchase because it opens lands for settlement and strengthens his popularity in South and West. The loose constructionism of the Jeffersonian Republicans is also shown in the Embargo Act of 1807 and Non-intercourse Act. Both acts restricted American ships from engaging foreign trade between the years of 1807 to 1812 especially to England and France. To Federalists in New England, who profited from supplying Britain and French during Napoleonic war, the two acts placed by Jefferson is an abuse of power by the Federal government. They felt the constitution did not provide government the power to place embargo, and believe that the government is dragging the nation’s economy back (Doc C). Jefferson once again loosely interprets and Constitution and validates these acts by claiming these acts as protection of American interests and avoid warfare. The Protective Tariff of 1816, which designs to benefit domestic economy, further accentuates the Jeffersonian Republicans’ shift from strict constructionism. Several strict constructionists in Democratic Republican Party pointed out that â€Å"†¦ the present government renounces the true republican principle†¦ its principle now is old Federalism†¦it would be unjust, to aggravate the burdens of the people for the purpose of favoring manufactures†¦Ã¢â‚¬  Many Democratic Republicans felt the imposition of tariffs on citizens overrides the original republican belief that the government shall have no power to interdict actions that Constitution didn’t specify (Doc. B) and therefore, the strict constructionists in the Republican Party felt cheated by Jefferson and Madison. In general and Jeffersonian Republicans and Federalists are more than willing to compromise their originals principles for national and sometimes self-serving interests whenever they feel necessary. Jefferson, later in 1816, addresses that â€Å"†¦the laws and institutions must go hand in hand with the progress of the human mind. As that becomes more developed, more enlightens, as new discoveries are made, new truths disclosed, and manners and opinions change with the change of circumstances, institutions must advance also and keep pace with the times. † (Doc. G) Apush Constitution. (2018, Nov 01).